Internet das coisas (IoT) da indústria 4.0: oportunidades e desafios em implementação de projetos de hidrometros inteligentes

Abstract

This study analyzes the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) projects within the context of Industry 4.0, focusing on the water and sanitation sector and exploring the adoption of smart water meters as the main technology under review. The primary objective is to identify the opportunities these technologies can provide, as well as the challenges faced by sanitation companies in integrating IoT into their operational and management processes, aiming for digital transformation and sector sustainability. The research adopted a mixed methodological approach, combining a systematic literature review with qualitative and quantitative field studies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals and managers in the sector, along with structured questionnaires using a Fuzzy linguistic evaluation scale to capture perceptions of the key factors influencing IoT implementation. This methodological triangulation enables an analysis that encompasses technical, organizational, and cultural aspects. A multi-criteria analysis was used to prioritize critical success factors and the most relevant obstacles, providing a scientific basis for managers, decision-makers, and sanitation professionals seeking to implement IoT technologies efficiently and sustainably. The results show that IoT adoption delivers significant operational efficiency gains, notably real-time monitoring of water resources, predictive maintenance that reduces failures, and improved water consumption management. On the other hand, the implementation of these projects is affected by several barriers, such as high initial costs, difficulties integrating with legacy systems, issues related to cybersecurity and data privacy, as well as the need for technical training and overcoming organizational resistance. The research also highlights the importance of strategic alignment, effective governance, and cooperation among different stakeholders to maximize the benefits of this transformation. Additionally, it is expected that effective IoT implementation in the sanitation sector will contribute significantly to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 6, which relates to universal and sustainable access to safe water and sanitation. This work aims not only to expand academic knowledge but also to provide practical guidelines for the sector to advance toward technological innovation with environmental and social responsibility. Finally, the study seeks to demonstrate that integrating IoT as a pillar of Industry 4.0 is an important path for modernizing the sanitation sector, representing a strategic opportunity to address current and future challenges, ensure operational efficiency, and promote environmental sustainability. This study contributes to the research line on Industry 4.0/5.0 and Artificial Intelligence within the context of Advanced Project, Program, and Portfolio Management, reinforcing the importance of technological innovation as a driver of transformation and competitiveness.